Note: 'Period of immigration' refers to the period in which the immigrant first obtained his or her landed immigrant/permanent resident status. 'Recent immigrants (10 years)' refers to immigrants who obtained their permanent resident status in the ten years preceding the Census or NHS in question. 'Recent immigrants (5 years)' refers to immigrants who obtained their permanent resident status in the five years preceding the Census or NHS in question. In the 2011 National Household Survey, 'Immigrants' includes immigrants who landed in Canada prior to May 10, 2011.